Значение слова POPE в Литературной энциклопедии

ALEXANDER (1688-1744).-Poet, was _b._ in London, of Roman Catholic parentage. His _f._ was a linen-merchant, who _m._ as his second wife Edith Turner, a lady of respectable Yorkshire family, and of some fortune, made a competence, and retired to a small property at Binfield, near Windsor. P. received a somewhat desultory education at various Roman Catholic schools, but after the age of 12, when he had a severe illness brought on by over-application, he was practically self-educated. Though never a profound or accurate scholar, he had a good knowledge of Latin, and a working acquaintance with Greek. By 1704 he had written a good deal of verse, which attracted the attention of Wycherley (_q.v._), who introduced him to town life and to other men of letters. In 1709 his _Pastorals_ were _pub._ in Tonson's _Miscellany_, and two years later _The Essay on Criticism_ appeared, and was praised by Addison. The _Rape of the Lock_, which came out in 1714, placed his reputation on a sure foundation, and thereafter his life was an uninterrupted and brilliant success. His industry was untiring, and his literary output almost continuous until his death. In 1713 _Windsor Forest_ (which won him the friendship of Swift) and _The Temple of Fame_ appeared, and in 1715 the translation of the _Iliad_ was begun, and the work _pub._ at intervals between that year and 1720. It had enormous popularity, and brought the poet L5000. It was followed by the _Odyssey_ (1725-26), in which he had the assistance of Broome and Fenton (_q.v._), who, especially the former, caught his style so exactly as almost to defy identification. It also was highly popular, and increased his gains to about L8000, which placed him in a position of independence. While engaged upon these he removed to Chiswick, where he lived 1716-18, and where he issued in 1717 a _coll._ ed. of his works, including the _Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady_ and the _Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard_. In 1718, his _f._ having _d._, he again removed with his mother to his famous villa at Twickenham, the adornment of the grounds of which became one of his chief interests, and where, now the acknowledged chief of his art, he received the visits of his friends, who included the most distinguished men of letters, wits, statesmen, and beauties of the day. His next task was his ed. of Shakespeare (1725), a work for which he was not well qualified, though the preface is a fine piece of prose. The _Miscellanies_, the joint work of Pope and Swift, were _pub._ in 1727-28, and drew down upon the authors a storm of angry comment, which in turn led to the production of _The Dunciad_, first _pub._ in 1728, and again with new matter in 1729, an additional book-the fourth-being added in 1742. In it he satirised with a wit, always keen and biting, often savage and unfair, the small wits and poetasters, and some of a quite different quality, who had, or whom he supposed to have, injured him. Between 1731 and 1735 he produced his _Epistles_, the last of which, addressed to Arbuthnot, is also known as the _Prologue to the Satires_, and contains his ungrateful character of Addison under the name of "Atticus;" and also, 1733, the _Essay on Man_, written under the influence of Bolingbroke. His last, and in some respects best, works were his _Imitations of Horace_, _pub._ between 1733 and 1739, and the fourth book of _The Dunciad_ (1742), already mentioned. A naturally delicate constitution, a deformed body, extreme sensitiveness, over-excitement, and overwork did not promise a long life, and P. _d._ on May 30, 1744, aged 56. His position as a poet has been the subject of much contention among critics, and on the whole is lower than that assigned him by his contemporaries and immediate successors. Of the higher poetic qualities, imagination, sympathy, insight, and pathos, he had no great share; but for the work which in his original writings, as distinguished from translations, he set himself to do, his equipment was supreme, and the medium which he used-the heroic couplet-he brought to the highest technical perfection of which it is capable. He wrote for his own age, and in temper and intellectual and spiritual outlook, such as it was, he exactly reflected and interpreted it. In the forging of condensed, pointed, and sparkling maxims of life and criticism he has no equal, and in painting a portrait Dryden alone is his rival; while in the _Rape of the Lock_ he has produced the best mock-heroic poem in existence. Almost no author except Shakespeare is so often quoted. His extreme vanity and sensitiveness to criticism made him often vindictive, unjust, and venomous. They led him also into frequent quarrels, and lost him many friends, including Lady M. Wortley Montagu, and along with a strong tendency to finesse and stratagem, of which the circumstances attending the publication of his literary correspondence is the chief instance, make his character on the whole an unamiable one. On the other hand, he was often generous; he retained the friendship of such men as Swift and Arbuthnot, and he was a most dutiful and affectionate son. SUMMARY.-_B._ 1688, _ed._ at various Romanist schools, introduced to Wycherley 1704, _pub._ _Pastorals_ 1709, _Essay on Criticism_ 1711, _Rape of the Lock_ 1714, _Windsor Forest_ and _Temple of Fame_ 1713, translation of _Iliad_ 1715-20, _Odyssey_ 1725-26, _coll._ _Works_ 1717, buys villa at Twickenham 1718, _pub._ ed. of _Shakespeare_ 1725, _Miscellanies_ 1727-28, _Dunciad_ 1728 (fourth book 1742), _Epistles_ 1731-35, _Essay on Man_ 1733, _Imitations of Horace_ 1733-39, _d._ 1744. The best ed. of the _Works_ is that of Elwin and Courthope, with _Life_ by Courthope (10 vols., 1871-89).