Значение слова ARNOLD в Литературной энциклопедии

1) SIR EDWIN (1832-1904).-Poet, _s._ of a Sussex magistrate, was _b._ at Gravesend, and _ed._ at King's School, Rochester, London, and Oxford. Thereafter he was an assistant master at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and was in 1856 appointed Principal of the Government Deccan College, Poona. Here he received the bias towards, and gathered material for, his future works. In 1861 he returned to England and became connected with _The Daily Telegraph_, of which he was ultimately editor. The literary task which he set before him was the interpretation in English verse of the life and philosophy of the East. His chief work with this object is _The Light of Asia_ (1879), a poem on the life and teaching of Buddha, which had great popularity, but whose permanent place in literature must remain very uncertain. In _The Light of the World_ (1891), he attempted, less successfully, a similar treatment of the life and teaching of Jesus. Other works are _The Song of Songs of India_ (1875), _With Saadi in the Garden_, and _The Tenth Muse_. He travelled widely in the East, and wrote books on his travels. He was made K.C.I.E. in 1888.2)ARNOLD MATTHEW (1822-1888).-Poet and critic, _s._ of Dr. A., of Rugby (_q.v._), was _b._ at Laleham and _ed._ at Rugby, Winchester, and Balliol Coll., Oxford, becoming a Fellow of Oriel in 1845. Thereafter he was private secretary to Lord Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council, through whose influence he was in 1851 appointed an inspector of schools. Two years before this he had _pub._ his first book of poetry, _The Strayed Reveller_, which he soon withdrew: some of the poems, however, including "Mycerinus" and "The Forsaken Merman," were afterwards republished, and the same applies to his next book, _Empedocles on Etna_ (1852), with "Tristram and Iseult." In 1857 he was appointed to the Professorship of Poetry at Oxford, which he held for ten years. After this he produced little poetry and devoted himself to criticism and theology. His principal writings are, in poetry, _Poems_ (1853), containing "Sohrab and Rustum," and "The Scholar Gipsy;" _Poems, 2nd Series_ (1855), containing "Balder Dead;" _Merope_ (1858); _New Poems_ (1867), containing "Thyrsis," an elegy on A.H. Clough (_q.v._), "A Southern Night," "Rugby Chapel," and "The Weary Titan"; in prose he wrote _On Translating Homer_ (1861 and 1862), _On the Study of Celtic Literature_ (1867), _Essays in Celtic Literature_ (1868), _2nd Series_ (1888), _Culture and Anarchy_ (1869), _St. Paul and Protestantism_ (1870), _Friendship's Garland_ (1871), _Literature and Dogma_ (1873), _God and the Bible_ (1875), _Last Essays on Church and Religion_ (1877), _Mixed Essays_ (1879), _Irish Essays_ (1882), and _Discourses in America_ (1885). He also wrote some works on the state of education on the Continent. In 1883 he received a pension of L250. The rationalistic tendency of certain of his writings gave offence to many readers, and the sufficiency of his equipment in scholarship for dealing with some of the subjects which he handled was called in question; but he undoubtedly exercised a stimulating influence on his time; his writings are characterised by the finest culture, high purpose, sincerity, and a style of great distinction, and much of his poetry has an exquisite and subtle beauty, though here also it has been doubted whether high culture and wide knowledge of poetry did not sometimes take the place of the true poetic fire. There is a bibliography of A.'s works by T.B. Smart (1892), and books upon him have been written by Prof. Saintsbury (1899), H. Paul (1902), and G.W.E. Russell (1904), also papers by Sir L. Stephen, F. Harrison, and others.3) ARNOLD, THOMAS (1795-1842).-Historian, _s._ of an inland revenue officer in the Isle of Wight, was _ed._ at Winchester and Oxford, and after some years as a tutor, was, in 1828, appointed Head Master of Rugby. His learning, earnestness, and force of character enabled him not only to raise his own school to the front rank of public schools, but to exercise an unprecedented reforming influence on the whole educational system of the country. A liberal in politics, and a zealous church reformer, he was involved in many controversies, educational and religious. As a churchman he was a decided Erastian, and strongly opposed to the High Church party. In 1841 he was appointed Professor of Modern History at Oxford. His chief literary works are his unfinished _History of Rome_ (three vols. 1838-42), and his _Lectures on Modern History_. He _d._ suddenly of angina pectoris in the midst of his usefulness and growing influence. His life, by Dean Stanley (_q.v._), is one of the best works of its class in the language.