Значение слова MACKINTOSH в Литературной энциклопедии

SIR JAMES (1765-1832).-Philosopher and historian, was _b._ at Aldowrie, Inverness-shire, _s._ of an officer in the army and landowner, _ed._ at Aberdeen, whence he proceeded to Edinburgh to study medicine, in which he _grad._ in 1787. In the following year he went to London, where he wrote for the press and studied law, and in 1791 he _pub._ _Vindiciae Gallicae_ in answer to Burke's _Reflections on the French Revolution_, which was well received by those who, in its earlier stages, sympathised with the Revolution, and procured for him the friendship of Fox, Sheridan, and other Whigs. Called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1795, he delivered before that society in 1799 a brilliant course of lectures on _The Law of Nature and Nations_, which greatly increased his reputation. In 1804 he went out to India as Recorder of Bombay, and two years later was appointed a Judge of the Admiralty Court. He remained in India until 1811, discharging his official duties with great efficiency. After his return he entered Parliament in 1813 as member for Nairnshire, and attained a considerable reputation as a forcible and informing speaker on questions of criminal law and general politics. On the accession of the Whigs in 1830 he was made a member of the Board of Control for India. He also held from 1818-24 the Professorship of Law and General Politics at Haileybury. His true vocation, however, was to literature, and it is to be regretted that so much of his time and strength was withdrawn from it, his writings being confined to a _Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy_ in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, a sketch of the History of England for Lardner's _Cabinet Cyclopaedia_, a Life of Sir Thomas More for the same, a fragment of a projected _History of the Revolution of 1688_, and some articles in the _Edinburgh Review_.